Improved Fast Decoupled Power Flow

The force- by flow abbreviation is a very important and tundamental tool in power out atmosphere analysis. Its results play the major role during the operational stages of some(prenominal) establishment for its potency and economic schedule, as well as during expansion and design stages The nominate of some(prenominal) load flow analysis is to compute precise steady-state electric potentials and potential travels of solely agglomeratees in the network, the very and reactive power flows into every pedigree and transformer, under the assumption of known generation and load.During the second half of the twentieth century, and by and by the large technological evelopments in the fields of digital computers and juicy-level programming languages, many another(prenominal) methods for solving the load flow problem contract been developed, such as indirect Gauss-Siedel (bus admittance intercellular substance). direct Gauss-Siedel (bus impedance hyaloplasm).Newton-Raphson (N R) and its decoupled versions Nowadays, many Improvements have been added to all these methods involving assumptions and approximations of the transmission lines and bus data, establish on truly systems conditions The Fast Decoupled Power Flow Method (FDPFM) is one of these improved methods, which was undercoatd on a simplification of the Newton-Raphson method and reported by Stott and Alsac in 19744. This method and due to its calculations simplifications, fast intersection and reliable results became the most widely used method in load flow analysis.However, FDPFM for some facts, where high RA ratios or heavy loading (Low Voltage) at some buses argon present, does not forgather well. For these cases, many efforts and developments have been made to overcome these convergence obstacles. some of them targeted the convergence of systems with hgh RIX ratios, others those with low potential buses However, one of the most new developments is a Robust Fast Decoupled Power Flow dev eloped by Wang and u it Is ased on heuristic justification and general potential drop figureisation methods 171 and solves both high RIX ratios and low bus potentialitys problems simultaneously.Though many efforts and elaborations have been achieved in put in to improve the and simulations atomic bite 18 becoming more(prenominal) developed and are now able to handle and analyze large surface system. Today, and after r severallying processors races higher than 3 GHz, any service in the speed of convergence of the power flow method, provided it look ats to reliable results, is of great protect. This speed value is very important when mingled in operational stages of power distribution, where any illisecond saving rouse hugely increase the probability of the right decision, of the restrict and dispatch computerized system.This paper works on providing computing savings (in flops) and past higher speed of convergence of the FDPFM based on the initial approximation in which real power changes are considered to be most in the raw to variations in potential drop pitch and much less to those of electric potential magnitude, as well as on the high sensitivity of reactive power changes to variations in potential drop magnitude and much less to those of voltage weight down. In this paper, the attention was focused on the update of the voltage angle (6) and oltage magnitude (V) in apiece loop topology, based on the improvement of flops achieved, and obviously on the results obtained.The results of these improvements and the comparative analysis with the Newton-Raphson and classical FDPFM allow be presented using the collar IEEE bus systems of 14, 30 and 57-bus, although the IFDPFM cigarette be employ to any size bus system. II. Fast Decoupled Power Flow Method As the FDPFM is derived from the Newton-Raphson we go forth start from the matrix representation of NR, wear some simplifications and approximations, to reach the equations of the F DPFM.The matrix representation of the N-R method 17 is O APOOH Where I IVJI IYiJl +6) And -2 cos Bit +2 cos -6i +6) Nii = I VI II YiJ I cos (B iJ- 6i + 6) cipher (7) -2 IYiil stn +2 IVJI IYiJl cos -6i +6) Now, for typical power system branches XIR and 200 (10) amongst AQ and A6, hence N and J entries of the initial matrix of (1) can be ignored leading to the following decoupled equations (12) Now, the diagonal elements of H according to Stott and Alsac 4 can be compose as IVi12Bii (13) Where Bii = I Yill sin Bii is the imaginary soften of the diagonal elements of the bus admittance matrix Ybus.Further simplifications can be applied to equation (12), by considering Bii Qi and I Vil 2 z I Vil yielding to the following simplified Hit Hii=- (14) Also, as under normal operating conditions 6 6i is quite small, thus Bii 6i + 6 Bit, and IVJI 1, the off-diagonal elements of the matrix H can be write as HIJ I Vil (15) Similarly, the diagonal elements of the L matrix can be written as Lil (16) And its off- diagonal elements as LiJ=-lVll (17) Applying these assumptions to equations (11) and (12) we get =-BA6 I vil (18) (19) where B and B are the imaginary part of the bus admittance matrix Ybus , such thatB contains all buses admittances except those related to the slack bus, and B is B deprive from all voltage-controlled buses related admittances. Finally, all these approximations and simplifications lead to the following successive voltage magnitude and voltage angle update equations (20) IVI (21) These equations formed the basis of the iteration scheme upon which the Matlab software written and then updated. Ill.Updated Algorithm The algorithm written according to the equations derived in the former section is as follows Step 1 installation of the bus admittance Ybus according to the lines data given y the IEEE well-worn bus test systems. Step 2 Detection of all kinds and arrives of buses according to the bus data given by the IEEE standard bus test syste ms, setting all bus voltages to an initial value of 1 pu, all voltage angles to O, and the iteration proceeds iter to O.Step 3 Creation of the matrices B and B according to equations (18) and (19). Step 4 If max (AP, AQ) accuracy then Go to Step 6 else 1. computation of the H and L elements of equations (14), (1 5), (16), (17). 2. Calculation of the real and reactive power at each bus, and checking if Mvar of generator buses re within the limits, otherwise update the voltage magnitude at these buses by ?2 3. Calculation of the power residuals, AP and AQ. 4.Calculation of the bus voltage and voltage angle updates AV and A6 according to equations (19) and (20). 5. Update of the voltage magnitude V and the voltage angle 6 at each bus. 6. Increment of the iteration counter iter = iter + 1 then Go to Step 4 Print out Solution did not converge and go to Step 6 Step 6 Print out of the power flow solution, computation and display of the line flow and losses. The update of this algorithm wa s based on the weak conglutination between AP and AV, nd between AQ and A6, explained in the previous section.Specifically, in the fourth subroutine of Step 4 of the initial algorithm, and instead of updating the voltage magnitude and the voltage angle once and simultaneously in each iteration, the improved algorithm updated either the voltage angle or the voltage magnitude at each bus, Jumped to subroutine 1 to recalculate the real and reactive power and then updated the second variable based on what was updated first.Moreover, and for more speed improvements and convergence reliability, the update of one of the two variables was ingeminate several times, holding the other ariable at its last calculated value, which cut down the second of floating point operations of the algorithm and thus lead to the faster convergence of the IFDPFM. IV. Numerical Analysis The performance of the IFDPFM was tested on IEEE 14, 30 and 57-bus systems with a convergence accuracy of 10-3 on a MVA b ase of 100 or equivalently 10-1 MVA for both power residuals AP and AQ.This numerical analysis involved a speed comparison between the NR method, the FDPFM and the IFDPFM based on the number of flops (floating point operations) of each algorithm implementing each method, rather than on any other basis, because he flops count is independent from the mainframe speed or the specific programming language used. In addition, as mentioned in the previous part, the algorithm of this paper updated the voltage angle several times in the lead updating the voltage magnitude or vice versa which resulted in a different flops count for each combination used for the same IEEE bus system.These combinations will be noted according to the number of loops of update of each variable. For instance, updating twice the voltage angle (6) and then once the voltage magnitude (V) in the same iteration will be written as (21). Note that any flops number without the previous notation will be the one of the su rmount case of the updated algorithm. Moreover, for any combination to be listed in this paper it should have satisfied the condition of no more than 3 % deviation of its results from that of the NR method.The bar graph in Figure 1 shows a comparison based on the number of flops between the NR, FDPFM and the best case of IFDPFM for the trinity IEEE standard bus systems used in this paper. issuing of flops per method per system 934. 573 305. 126 314. 925 157. 310 System 57 4,421. 752 2,841. 646 14 30. 823 56. 829 24. 574 1 ,ooo ,500 2,000 2,500 3,000 Flops IFDPFM FDPFM 4,000 4,500 (Thousands) Fig. 1 Flops Comparison between the 3 methods. It is clearly seen that the IFDPFM requires much less flops to converge as compared to FDPFM or NR.This flops saving is comparative to the system size and as shown, increases with the increase of the number of buses. Obviously, this improvement in the number of flops will leave the IFDPFM converge much faster than the two other methods whatever CPU used. Numerically, and for the biggest system involved in this paper (IEEE 57-Bus System), the IFDPFM revealed a flops saving of close to 67 % when ompared with the FDPFM and about 78 % when compared with the NR.Normally, and as mentioned before, this saving goes down to the frame of 50 % for the two smaller bus systems. In addition, and in order to reach the best case presented above, different strategies of updating the voltage angle (6) and the voltage magnitude (V) were tested and compared first with the FDPFM then with the NR. Figure 2 below the percentage of flops of IFDPFM versus that of the FDPFM, for 10 different updating strategies and for the three IEEE systems.Percentage Flops IFDPFM vs FDPFM 75 50 25 DeltaVoltage Loops IFDPFM14 IFDPFM30 IFDPFM57 Fig. 2 % of flops of IFDPFM vs. FDPFM for different voltage angle and voltage magnitude updating strategies. At the first look, it is seen that for the three systems, three parallel curves are sketched with most values les s then 75 % of the FDPFM. This parallel property of this graph shows the consistency of the algorithm in its number of flops variation for each strategy for each system studied.Also, it is seen that for low number of voltage magnitude and voltage angle loops the IFDPFM cant be more in force(p) than FDPFM, but for a slightly higher number the IFDPFM shows great improvement in flops saving nd reaches the highest improvement at the point (43), where in each iteration, the voltage angle was updated four times while the voltage was unploughed at its initial value and then 6 was kept at its last value and V updated three times.Numerically, and for the best case of IFDPFM (43), the new algorithm showed a flops saving of 57 % for the 14-bus system, 50% for the 30-bus system, and 68% for the 57-bus system. Figure 3 below shows the percentage of flops of IFDPFM versus that of the NR, for 10 different updating strategies and for the three IEEE systems. IFDPFM vs NR 175 150 25 Fig. 3 % of flo ps of IFDPFM vs. NR for different voltage angle and voltage magnitude updating strategies.Basically, the same comments of the comparison of IFDPFM with FDPFM apply in this comparison. However, here the flops saving is much more significant and is proportional to the system size. Numerically, we have a 21 % flops saving for the 14-bus system, 49 % for the 30-bus system and 78% for the 57-bus system. Finally, it is remarked that when compared with NR, IFDPFM savings showed a high variation in their percentage, in general because they are highly proportional to the